Types of information system

For most businesses, there are a variety of requirements for information. Senior managers need information to help with their business planning. Middle management need more detailed information to help them monitor and control business activities. Employees with operational roles need information to help them carry out their duties.

As a result, businesses tend to have several "information systems" operating at the same time. This revision note highlights the main categories of information system and provides some examples to help you distinguish between them.

The main kinds of information systems in business are described briefly below:

Information System	Description
Executive Support Systems	An Executive Support System ("ESS") is designed to help senior management make strategic decisions. It gathers, analyses and summarises the key internal and external information used in the business. A good way to think about an ESS is to imagine the senior management team in an aircraft cockpit - with the instrument panel showing them the status of all the key business activities. ESS typically involve lots of data analysis and modelling tools such as "what-if" analysis to help strategic decision-making.
Management Information Systems	A management information system ("MIS") is mainly concerned with internal sources of information. MIS usually take data from the transaction processing systems (see below) and summarise it into a series of management reports. MIS reports tend to be used by middle management and operational supervisors.
Decision-Support Systems	Decision-support systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes of those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather relevant information and analyse the options and alternatives. DSS often involves use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create "what-if" models.
Knowledge Management Systems	Knowledge Management Systems ("KMS") exist to help businesses create and share information. These are typically used in a business where employees create new knowledge and expertise - which can then be shared by other people in the organisation to create further commercial opportunities. Good examples include firms of lawyers, accountants and management consultants. KMS are built around systems which allow efficient categorisation and distribution of knowledge. For example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word processing documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations. internet pages or whatever. To share the knowledge, a KMS would use group collaboration systems such as an intranet.
Transaction Processing Systems	As the name implies, Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed to process routine transactions efficiently and accurately. A business will have several (sometimes many) TPS; for example: - Billing systems to send invoices to customers - Systems to calculate the weekly and monthly payroll and tax payments - Production and purchasing systems to calculate raw material requirements - Stock control systems to process all movements into, within and out of the business
Office Automation Systems	Office Automation Systems are systems that try to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data and information. Perhaps the best example is the wide range of software systems that exist to improve the productivity of employees working in an office (e.g. Microsoft Office XP) or systems that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

CNRI is committed to using the frontier of Internet technology as its working environment, as its development environment, and as a laboratory for "time travel" into Internet technology's future. One example of CNRI's commitment to maintaining an advanced information infrastructure is the deployment of technology to facilitate collaboration for work both internally and with external organizations. Current research initiatives involving frequent coordination and interaction with industry, government, and academia require that intra- and inter-site collaboration technology become a natural, well-integrated, and transparent aspect of daily work.

As part of its long-term, ongoing commitment to computing environment excellence, CNRI's processing platform is 21st century-ready. Substantial network bandwidth and the performance and functionality of desktop systems and servers enables CNRI developers to participate in advanced experiments and test-bed activities with industrial, academic and federal partners, and to resource share and collaborate with colleagues around the world. An experimental paradigm has emerged from this information infrastructure, placing CNRI clearly at the frontier of the field.

IT Architecture

The IT Architecture is an organized set of consensus decisions on policies & principles, services & common solutions, standards & guidelines as well as specific vendor products used by IT providers both inside and outside the Information Technology Branch (ITB).

One of the major activities associated with producing an IT Architecture will be the process of achieving such consensus decisions. It is understood that reaching consensus may constrain purchase and design options, hopefully in the interest of enhancing interoperability. It is a given that the greater the consensus achieved, the greater the organizational benefits attained.

IT Architecture Objectives

The IT Architecture is guided by the following objectives, which help make decisions for establishing individual standards:

©      Architectural decisions should serve the Department's mission.

©      The architecture serves heterogeneous environments.

©      The greater the consensus achieved for individual architectural decisions, the greater the benefit.

©      The architecture should identify areas of stability without impeding essential innovation.

©      Architectural decisions should describe the tangible results of conformance and non-conformance with the architecture.

©      Architectural decisions should provide sufficient documentation to assess the compliance of a specific implementation.

The purpose of the IT Architecture

The purpose of the IT Architecture is to guide the process of planning, acquiring, building, modifying, interfacing and deploying IT resources throughout the Department.

As such the IT Architecture should offer a means of stable evolution by identifying technologies that work together to satisfy the needs of the Department users.

Some of the benefits of an IT Architecture           

©      It will help to insure interoperability inside and outside ITB and the Department.

©      It's a way to inform developers of Department directions.

©      It will help in making planning, development and purchase decisions.

©      It will be useful in aligning information technology providers for the Department.

©      It is a way to communicate direction (and changes) both inside and outside ITB.

©      It will reduce the maintenance and support requirements.

©      It will help in planning migration to new technologies.

Framework whic is necessary for the IT architecture are

A comprehensive view of an IT Architecture specifies (1) policies and (2) principles that indicate direction, and (3) services and common solutions, (4) standards and guidelines, and (5) products that detail the means of implementation (see Figure 1).

The framework for the IT Architecture is that of a cube sliced into five sections or layers from back to front. Each section or layer represents a type of architectural specification from the most general IT policy layer at the back of the cube to the most specific product layer at the front of the cube.

ICT IN BUSINESS

Have a little read: ... Advanced GNVQ Business: ICT in business Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a major part of the new era of banking. It allows banks to reach out to a new type of customer and allows customers to use the business on line. But how has ICT affected the way banks operate as a business? In this report I will try to investigate how information technology has affected the way banks operate.

I can do this by separating the report into four sections. They are: 1. What is E-Commerce and what affect it has had on banking 2. What are the recent developments in IT? 3. How are the recent developments in IT used in banking? 4. What is the potential use of IT in the future? At the end of this assignment I hope to be able to understand how IT affects banking in the present and how it will affect it in the future. What is E-Commerce and what affect has it had on banking Electronic Commerce is when business' start trading over the internet so they can reach out to a different type of customer and also allow their existing customers the chance to use their company without leaving the comfort of your own home.

 This can be seen from retail outlets such as Tesco's or Sainsbury's, which gives their customers the chance to order the food they want from the supermarket and a member of staff will bring the goods that you want directly to your home. However E-Commerce has a special part to play when banks start to use the Internet for their own benefits. In this day and age more and more companies are trying to make a customers life easier and technology has helped in a major way. When concerning banking, customers are now able to use ATM'S, telephone banking and personal transactions. This enables the customer to cut out the middlemen and do what you want with the money at a quicker rate. However E-commerce just takes it that little step further. If you have the Internet on a computer, television or mobile phone then you will be able to deal with E-banking. This process allows you to see your account, make transactions to and from your bank account and make standing orders from the comfort of your own home. This again allows you to cut out the middleman and this process is so much quicker than if you went to the

Banking is a method used by many in the world to keep account of their money and what is and/or isn't being taken in and/or out of your account.

The effects of ICT BANKING on society PLUSS and MINUSSES

Banking has a huge affect on society, we are all able to save huge amounts of money in one place without the worry of losing any (except if a recession falls upon us). Banking also allows us to make money just by hanign money in a bank; it can also help with storin money; if you are very unorganised with money your bank can help you finance your money right (in a way that benefits both yourself and the bank).

ICT assistence in banking

ICT has assisted us to make Banking much easier by allowing us to find our bank statements online and transfer money from account to account, at the click of a mouse. Banks can also use the following ICT made programs:

The benefits of ICT in banking are…
· Easy access to money 24/7
· Banks can handle more customers
· Less staff employed by banks.
· Can pay by credit/ debit card so no need to carry money around
· Chip and pin. Makes your money more secure and convenient






The drawback of ICT in banking are…
· Bank fraud may occur.
· Not enough staff at the bank to deal with your needs.
· Automated teller machines can be damaged and used as a source of fraud.

Information and communications technology (ICT) is concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information. These innovations enable the processing and storage of enormous amounts of information, along with rapid distribution of information through communication networks

TRENDS OF ICT

ICT MANAGEMENT

ICT resource management

ICT Service Management

ICT Governance (Governance focuses on: )

*       The ICT has changed society today as much as the industrial revolution changed society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

*       Als it has made a huge impact on education

*       Educational quality is increased in present by ICT involvement  and  there so much other things which are being introduced to educational field by ICT

*       Nowadays computers and internet are playing a major role in educating the students to become brave.

          Data & Information (difference)

• Data is raw material for data processing. data relates to fact, event and transactions. Data refers to unprocessed information.
• Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. it is any thing that is communicated.